Table 2: Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB): Limit states and threshold values
(R): limit state definition based on soa ,(E): Experimental, (S): Simulation or analysis
| Engineering Demand Parameter: Shear deformation γ (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Limit State | Shear deformation (γ) | Description |
| . (E) Bousias, E., Palios, X., Alexakis Ch., Strepelias, E., Fardis, M., Raptopoulos, S. (2008) | LS3 | 170% | Detachment of elastomers and steel plates |
| . (E) Mori, A., Moss, P.J., Cooke, N., Carr, A. J. (1999) https://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.1997.5.4.451 | LS3 | 200% | Bearing Uplift |
| . (S+R) Zhang, J. and Huo, Y. (2009) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.017 | LS1 | 100% | Slight damage (strain limit for linear behavior of rubber) |
| LS2 | 150% | Moderate damage | |
| LS3 | 200% | Extensive damage (Initiation of hardening of elastomeric material) | |
| LS4 | 250% | Complete damage (significant pounding or unseating) | |
References
- Bousias, E., Palios, X., Alexakis, C., Strepelias, I., Fardis, M., Raptopoulos, S. (2008). Experimental and analytical study of seismically isolated bridges with or without additional damping, 3rd Hellenic Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, November 5-7, 2008 (in Greek).
- Mori, A., Moss, P. J., Cooke, N., Carr, A. J. (1999). The Behavior of Bearings Used for Seismic Isolation under Shear and Axial Load, Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp 199-224, https://doi.org/10.1193%2F1.1586038.
- Zhang, J. and Huo, Y. (2009). Evaluating effectiveness and optimum design of isolation devices for highway bridges using the fragility function method, Engineering Structures, Vol. 31, pp 1648-1660, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.017.