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Under DevelopmentPlease cite this work as:Stefanidou, S., Paraskevopoulos, E., Papanikolaou, V., Kappos, A.J. "An online platform for bridge-specific fragility analysis of as-built and retrofitted bridges", Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, 1717-1737 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01299-3

The Bridge Database - ESPA

Retrofitted Piers

Rectangular Piers

Table 1: Rectangular Piers: Limit state thresholds in terms of drift

Engineering Demand Parameter: Drift (%)
ReferencesLimit StatesThreshold ValuesDescriptionLoading typeSpecimen Characteristics
Aboutaha, R. S., Engelhardt, M. D., Jirsa, J. O., Kreger, M. E. (1999)LS1Yielding of all long. bars, essentially elastic responseCyclic loading
LS3Extended bond failure between long. bars and concrete, deterioration of concrete at the compression zones
Bett, B. J., Klinger, R. E., Jirsa, J. O. (1985)LS1Flexural cracks less than 1mm wideCyclic loading
LS3Crushing and spalling of concrete
Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2006)LS1Effective yielding Cyclic loading
LS3Lateral resistance drops below 80% of maximum resistance
Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2007)LS1Effective yielding Cyclic loading
LS3Concrete crushing, long. bars buckling, extended concrete spalling, FRP fracture
Endeshaw, M. A., ElGawady, M., Sack, R. L., McLean, D. I. (2008)LS1Effective yielding Cyclic loading
LS2Concrete spalling
LS320% drop in peak lateral load resistance, buckling of long. bars and rupture
Haroun, M. A., Mosallam, A. S., Feng, M. Q., Elsanadedy, H. M. (2003)LS320% drop of maximum lateral resistance, concrete crushing within the plastic hinge regionCyclic loading
Truong, G. T., Kim, J.-C., Choi, K.-K. (2017)LS1Longitudinal bar yieldingCyclic loading
LS3Concrete crushing

References

  1. Aboutaha, R. S., Engelhardt, M. D., Jirsa, J. O., Kreger, M. E. (1999). Rehabilitation of Shear Critical Concrete Columns by Use of Rectangular Steel Jackets, ACI Structural Journal, vol. 96, no. 1, pp 68-78, https://doi.org/10.14359/597
  2. Bett, B.J., Klingner, R.E., and Jirsa, J.O. (1985). Behavior of Strengthened and Repaired Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Cyclic Deformations, PMFSEL Report No. 85-3, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 1985.
  3. Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2006). Concrete or FRP Jacketing of Columns with Lap Splices for Seismic Rehabilitation, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2006, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4571-9_3.
  4. Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2007). Seismic Retrofitting of Columns with Lap-Spliced Smooth Bars through FRP or Concrete Jackets, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 2007, pp. 653–674, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460601125714.
  5. Haroun, M. A., Mosallam, A. S., Feng, M. Q., Elsanadedy, H. M. (2003). Experimental Investigation of Seismic Repair and Retrofit of Bridge Columns by Composite Jackets, Journal of REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES, Vol. 22, No. 14, pp 1243-1268, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0731684403035573
  6. Endeshaw, M. A., ElGawady, M., Sack, R. L., McLean, D. I. (2008). RETROFIT OF RECTANGULAR BRIDGE COLUMNS USING CFRP WRAPPING, Research Report, FHWA contract DTFH61-03-C-00104, Research Task No. 7, Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), Washington State University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
  7. Truong, G. T., Kim, J.-C., Choi, K.-K. (2017). Seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted by various methods, Engineering Structures, vol. 134, pp 217-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.046.

Table 2: Rectangular Piers: Limit state thresholds in terms of displacement ductility

Engineering Demand Parameter: Displacement ductility, μd
ReferencesLimit StatesThreshold ValuesDescriptionLoading typeSpecimen Characteristics
Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2006)LS3Lateral resistance drops below 80% of maximum resistanceCyclic loading
Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2007)LS3Concrete crushing, long. bars buckling, extended concrete spalling, FRP fractureCyclic loading
Endeshaw, M. A., ElGawady, M., Sack, R. L., McLean, D. I. (2008)LS1Effective yieldingCyclic loading
LS2Concrete spalling
LS320% drop in peak lateral load resistance, buckling of long. bars and rupture
Haroun, M. A., Mosallam, A. S., Feng, M. Q., Elsanadedy, H. M. (2003)LS320% drop of maximum lateral resistance, concrete crushing within the plastic hinge region, lap splice failureCyclic loading
Memon, M. S. and Sheikh, S. A. (2005)LS3Yielding of lateral steel and/or buckling of longitudinal reinforcement, 20% drop in lateral resistanceCyclic loading
Truong, G. T., Kim, J.-C., Choi, K.-K. (2017)LS3Concrete crushingCyclic loading

References

  1. Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2006). Concrete or FRP Jacketing of Columns with Lap Splices for Seismic Rehabilitation, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2006, pp. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4571-9_3.
  2. Bousias, S. N, Spathis, L.A., Fardis, M.N. (2007). Seismic Retrofitting of Columns with Lap-Spliced Smooth Bars through FRP or Concrete Jackets, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 11, 2007, pp. 653–674, https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460601125714.
  3. Endeshaw, M. A., ElGawady, M., Sack, R. L., McLean, D. I. (2008). RETROFIT OF RECTANGULAR BRIDGE COLUMNS USING CFRP WRAPPING, Research Report, FHWA contract DTFH61-03-C-00104, Research Task No. 7, Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC), Washington State University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.
  4. Haroun, M. A., Mosallam, A. S., Feng, M. Q., Elsanadedy, H. M. (2003). Experimental Investigation of Seismic Repair and Retrofit of Bridge Columns by Composite Jackets, Journal of REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES, Vol. 22, No. 14, pp 1243-1268, https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0731684403035573
  5. Memon, M. S. and Sheikh, S. A. (2005). Seismic Resistance of Square Concrete Columns Retrofitted with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 102, No. 5, pp 774-783.
  6. Truong, G. T., Kim, J.-C., Choi, K.-K. (2017). Seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns retrofitted by various methods, Engineering Structures, vol. 134, pp 217-235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.046.