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Under DevelopmentPlease cite this work as:Stefanidou, S., Paraskevopoulos, E., Papanikolaou, V., Kappos, A.J. "An online platform for bridge-specific fragility analysis of as-built and retrofitted bridges", Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20, 1717-1737 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01299-3

The Bridge Database - ESPA

Abutments

Table 1: Abutments: Limit State thresholds in displacement terms

Engineering Demand Parameter: Displacement d (mm)
ReferenceLimit StateThreshold ValueDescription
. Bozorgzadeh, A., Ashford, S., Restrepo, J., Nimityongskul, N. (2008)
LS2Stiffness reduction of abutment
LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Cardone, D. (2013)LS1Gap closure between deck and abutment
LS3Passive resistance at backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Choi, (2002)LS1Slight damage, minor cracking and spalling of abutment
LS2Moderate damage, yielding of backfill soil
LS3Extensive damage, ultimate deformation
. Elgamal, A., Wilson, P. (2012)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2060-2_4		LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of backfill
. Jesse, S., and Rollins, K., (2013)LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Kappos, A. and Sextos, A. (2009)LS1Gap closure
LS3Yielding of backfill soil
LS4Irrecoverable damage of abutment, pile head failure in the transverse direction
. Lemnitzer, A., Hilson, C., Taciroglu, E., Wallace, J.E., Stewart, J.P. (2012)LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Mitoulis, S. (2012)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.033		LS1Yielding of backfill soil
LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
. Romstad, K., Kutter, B.L., Maroney, B., Vanderbilt, E., Griggs, M., Chai, Y.H., (1995)LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Rollins, K. M. and Cole, R. T. (2006)
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:9(1143)		LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
. Rollins, K. M., Gerber, T. M., Kwon, K. H. (2010)
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000195		LS1Yielding of backfill soil
LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of backfill
. Shamsabadi, A. M. and Yan, L. (2008)
https://doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)159		LS3-LS4Ultimate deformation of backfill
. Stefanidou S. & Kappos A.(2017)
https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2774		LS1Cracking and significant damage to the backwall
LS2First yield of the abutment soil
LS3Excessive deformation of abutment soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment soil (cohessionless soil)
. Stewart, J.P., Taciroglu, E., Wallace, W., Ahlberg, E. R., Lemnitzer, A., Rha, C., Tehrani, K., Keowen, S., Nigbor, R., Salamanca, A., (2007)LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Stewart, J.P., Taciroglu, E., Wallace, W., Lemnitzer, A., Hilson, C., Nojoumi, A., Keowen, S., Nigbor, R., Salamanca, A., (2011) (pp 54-58)LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Taskari, O. and Sextos, A., (2012)LS1Backwall failure
. Wilson, P., Elgamal, A., (2008)LS3Development of passive failure wedge in backfill soil
LS4Ultimate deformation of abutment-backfill system
. Xie, Y., Huo, Y., Zhang, J. (2017)
https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2804		LS2Sliding between wall and embankment

References

  1. Bozorgzadeh, A., Ashford, S. A., Restrepo, J. I., Nimityongskul, N. (2008). Experimental and analytical investigation on stiffness and ultimate capacity of bridge abutments. Report No. SSRP-07/12, Structural Systems Research Project, University of California.
  2. Cardone, D. (2013). Displacement limits and performance displacement profiles in support of direct displacement-based seismic assessment of bridges, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, DOI: 10.1002/eqe.2396.
  3. Choi, E. (2002). Seismic Analysis and Retrofit of Mid-America Bridges, PhD Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, May, 2002.
  4. Elgamal A., Wilson P. (2012) Full Scale Testing and Simulation of Seismic Bridge Abutment-Backfill Interaction. In: Sakr M., Ansal A. (eds) Special Topics in Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, vol 16. Springer, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2060-2_4
  5. Jesse, S. and Rollins, K. (2013). Passive Pressure on Skewed Bridge Abutments, 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France.
  6. Kappos, A. and Sextos, A., (2009). Seismic Assessment of bridges accounting for nonlinear material and soil response, and varying boundary conditions, NATO Security through Science Series C: Environmental Security, DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2697-2_15.
  7. Lemnitzer, A., Hilson, C., Taciroglu, E., Wallace, J. W., Stewart, J. P. (2012). Effect of Backfill Relative Density on Lateral Response of a Bridge Abutment Wall, 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisboa, Portugal.
  8. Mitoulis, S. (2012). Seismic Design of bridges with the participation of seat-type abutments, Engineering Structures, Vol. 44, pp 222-233, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.05.033.
  9. Romstadt, K., Kutter, B.L, Maroney, B., Vanderbilt, E., Griggs, M., and Chai, Y.H. (1995). “Experimental measurements of bridge abutment behavior.” Rep. No UCD-STR-95-1, Structural Engineering Group, Univ. of California, Davis, CA.
  10. Rollins, K. M. and Cole, R. T. (2006). Cyclic Lateral Load Behavior of a Pile Cap and Backfill, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 132, pp 1143-1153, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:9(1143).
  11. Rollins, K. M., Gerber, T. M., Kwon, K. H. (2010). Increased Lateral Abutment Resistance from Gravel Backfills of Limited Width, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 136, pp 230-238, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000195.
  12. Shamsabadi, A. M. and Yan, L. (2008). Closed-Form Force-Displacement Backbone Curves for Bridge Abutment-Backfill Systems, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics IV Congress, GSP 181, ISBN (print): 9780784409756, https://doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)159
  13. Stefanidou, S. & Kappos A. (2017). Methodology for the development of bridge-specific fragility curves, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 46, pp 73-93, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2774.
  14. Stewart, J. P., Taciroglu, E., Wallace, J. W., Ahlberg, E. R., Lemnitzer, A., Rha, C., Tehrani, P. K., Keowen, S., Nigbor, R. L., Salamanca, A. (2007). Full Scale Cyclic Testing of Foundation Support Systems for Highway Bridges, Part II: Abutment Backwalls. Report No. 2007/02, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles.
  15. Stewart, J. P., Taciroglu, E., Wallace, J. W., Lemnitzer, A., Hilson, C. H., Nojoumi, A., Keowen, S., Nigbor, R. L., Salamanca, A. (2011). Nonlinear Load-Deflection Behavior of Abutment Backwalls with Varying Height and Soil Density, Report No. 2011/01, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles.
  16. Taskari, O. N. and Sextos, A. G. (2012). Stiffness and Ultimate Capacity of Typical Abutment-Embankment Systems. 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisboa, Portugal.
  17. Wilson, P. and Elgamal, A. (2008). Full scale bridge abutment passive earth pressure tests and calibrated models, The 14th Word Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
  18. Xie, Y., Huo, Y., Zhang, J. (2017). Development and validation of p-y modeling approach for seismic response predictions of highway bridges, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 46, pp 585-604, https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2804